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印度言语:梵语

作者:艾丽丝    文章来历:本站原创    更新时刻:2009/11/15

Sanskrit is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It has a position in India and Southeast Asia similar to that of Latin and Greek in Europe, and is a central part of Hindu tradition. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages of India. Sanskrit is taught in schools and households throughout India, as a second language. Some identify it as their mother tongue. According to recent reports, it is being revived as a vernacular in the village of Mattur near Shimoga in Karnataka.
梵语是印度的古典印欧语系言语,是印度教、释教和耆那教的祭礼言语。就像欧洲的拉丁和希腊语相同,梵语在印度和东南亚有重要方位,是印度传统文化的中心部分。梵语是印度22种官方言语之一。在印度,梵语作为第二言语,在校园和家庭都有教训。一些人还把它鉴别为他们的母语。依据一些新近的报道,它在卡纳塔克邦(印度邦名,旧称迈索尔邦)悉摩迦邻近的当地马特的一些村庄里作为本国言语而复兴起来。
Sanskrit is mostly used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals in the forms of hymns and mantras. Its pre-classical form of Vedic Sanskrit, the liturgical language of the Vedic religion, is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family, its most ancient text being the Rigveda.
梵语首要作为印度宗教仪式的言语而运用,以诗篇和咒语的方法呈现。吠陀梵语的古典前期方法,吠陀宗教的礼拜言语,是经验证无误的最早印欧语系宗族成员之一,最陈旧的梵语文献便是梨俱吠陀。
The scope of this article is that of Classical Sanskrit as laid out in the grammar of Panini, roughly around 500 BC. Most Sanskrit texts available today were transmitted orally for several centuries before they were written down in medieval India.
这篇古典梵语文献首要地是以帕尼尼(公元前四世纪的印度法语学家)的文法方法写成,大略估量是在公元前500年之间。许多今日仍在运用的梵语在中印度成书之前的几个世纪以来都在口头流传着。
 
吠陀梵语未
 
Sanskrit as defined by Panini had evolved out of the earlier \"Vedic\" form, and scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"Paninian\" Sanskrit as separate dialects. However, they are extremely similar in many ways and differ mostly in a few points of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar.
梵语也被帕尼尼界说和开展成前期的“吠陀”方法,学者常常区分吠陀梵语和古典,或许“古代印度”梵语作为区分语调。但是,它们却是极点地类似,在音韵、词汇和语法上相差无几。
Classical Sanskrit can therefore be considered a seamless evolution of the earlier Vedic language. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion.
然后,古典的吠陀梵语就被以为是较前期的吠陀言语。吠陀梵语是吠陀经的言语,收集了许多赞美诗,咒语和宗教——哲学的评论,构成了前期印度宗教文献和印度宗教崇奉的大多数根底。
Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over centuries of oral tradition.
现代言语学家以为梨俱吠陀的《吠陀本集》韵律般的诗是更前期的,是由许多作者经过上百年来的口头传统集结而成。
The terminus ad quem of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations.
吠陀时期的完结集结在《奥义书》上,构成了传统修改的吠陀文集的完毕部分。
The current hypothesis is that the Vedic form of Sanskrit survived until the middle of the first millennium BC. It is around this time that Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of the Classical period.
当时的假说便是梵语方法的吠陀经保存了下来,直到公元前一千年中叶停止。大约这个时期左右,梵语开端从宗教和常识、符号的榜首言语转变成第二言语,标志着古典时期的开端。
It is interesting to note that orthodox Hinduism believes that the language of the Vedas is eternal and revealed in its wording and word order. Evidence for this belief is found in the Vedas itself, where in the Upanishads they are described as the very \"breath of God\" (nihsvasitam brahma).
风趣的是,要注意一下传统的印度教信任吠陀经是永久和提示出它的词语和词序。痕迹标明这种崇奉也能够在吠陀自身找到,在《奥义书》,它们被彻底描绘为“神的呼吸”。
The Vedas are therefore considered \"the language of reality\", so to speak, and are unauthored, even by God, the rishis or seers ascribed to them being merely individuals gifted with a special insight into reality with the power of perceiving these eternal sounds.
吠陀经因而被以为是“实在的言语”,能够说,是没有实在的作者,即使是由神所写,圣人或先知把它们的存在归咎于各个个体用感知的力气对内涵实在的特别洞悉,察觉这些永久的声响。
At the beginning of every cycle of creation, God himself \"remembers\" the order of the Vedic words and propagates them through the rishis. Orthodox Hindus, while accepting the linguistic development of Sanskrit as such, do not admit any historical stratification within the Vedic corpus itself.
在每个创世周期的开端之际,神自己“记起”吠陀梵语词语的次序,经过圣哲去传达它们。正统的印度教徒,认可这些梵语的言语开展一起,并不供认吠陀文集里边任何历史性的阶层构成。
This belief is of significant consequence in Indian religious history, as the very sacredness and eternality of the language encouraged exact memorization and transmission and discouraged textual learning via written propagation.
当每一种崇高和永久的言语被鼓舞去强记,传达和经由书写文本而记下来的时分,这种崇奉在印度宗教史上有着严峻的作用。
Each word is believed to have innate and eternal meaning and, when properly pronounced, mystic expressive power. Erroneous learning of repetition of the Veda was considered a grave sin with potentially immediate negative consequences. Consequently, Vedic learning by rote was encouraged and prized, particularly among Brahmins, where learning of one's own Vedic texts was a mandated duty.
每一个单词都被以为是具有先天和永久的意思,当适当地说出来的时分,就会奥秘地传达着力气。对吠陀仿制本的过错学习被以为是一种严峻的罪,潜在地发生直接的消沉作用。因而,机械地学习吠陀是遭到鼓舞和赞扬,尤其是在婆罗门中心,学习吠陀文献是一个受托付的职责。

On the social side, the need to preserve the error-free nature of the Veda served as a justification to prevent teaching and propagation of the text to those considered unworthy of receiving it, by virtue of caste and gender.
在社会方面,需求保持有过错——但自在赋性的吠陀作为合理的理由去避免把文献教训和传达给那些被以为是不值得听的人,那是因为印度的世袭阶层和种姓。

There is a strong relationship between the various forms of Sanskrit and the Middle Indo-Aryan \"Prakrits\", or vernacular languages (in which, among other things, most early Jain and Buddhist texts are written), and the modern Indo-Aryan languages.
形方法式的梵语同中古时代印度雅利安人的“古印度语”,或许说本国言语(大多数耆那教和释教文献也用这种言语书写),以及现代印度雅利安语有严密的联络。
The Prakrits are probably descended from Vedic, and there is mutual interchange between later forms of Sanskrit and various Prakrits. There has also been reciprocal influence between Sanskrit and the Dravidian languages.
古代印度语很可能是从吠陀梵语而来,相互影响着后期方法的梵语和各种古印度语。梵语和德拉威语也是相互影响。
A significant form of post-Vedic but pre-Paninian Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of the Hindu Epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. This dialect includes many archaic and unusual forms which deviate from Panini and are denoted by traditional Sanskrit scholars as aarsha or \"of the rishis\", the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts there are also more \"prakritisms\" (borrowings from common speech) than Classical Sanskrit proper. Finally, there is also a language dubbed \"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit\" by scholars, which is actually a prakrit ornamented with Sanskritized elements, perhaps for purposes of ostentation (see also termination of spoken Sanskrit).
帕尼尼梵语之前的吠陀前期有严峻意义的梵语能够在印度史诗《罗摩衍那》和《摩诃婆罗多》找到。这种语调包含了许多陈旧和不寻常的方法,偏离了帕尼尼梵语,被传统的梵语学者认定是阿萨哈或许是“(印度教)圣人”,这是给予古代作者的传统头衔。在一些上下文里也有许多的“古代印度语”(从浅显言语学习而来),比固有的古典梵语更加多。最终,学者还给了“释教的混合梵语”的言语称谓,实际上是古印度语的梵语化,很可能是为了夸耀。(也可拜见口头梵语的停止)
Sanskrit historically has had no single script associated with it. Since the late 19th century, the Devanagari (meaning \"as used in the city of the gods\") script has become the most widely used and associated with Sanskrit, yet this was by no means the case earlier. Each region adapted the script of the local vernacular, whether Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. In the north, there are inscriptions dating from the early centuries B.C. in the Brahmi script, also used by the king Ashoka in his famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, the Kharosthi script was used. Later (ca. 4th to 8th centuries AD) the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. From ca. the 8th century, the Sharada script evolved out of the Gupta script, and was mostly displaced in its turn by Devanagari from ca. the 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddham script. The Bengali and other scripts were also used in their respective regions.
梵语,从历史上看,没有单一的手稿与它联合起来。自从十九世纪后期,梵文字母(意思是“作为众神运用的城市”)手稿变得最为广泛运用和与梵语联合在一起,但是这决不是更前期的景象。每种宗教都运用本国当地的文献,不论印度雅利安人仍是德拉威人。在北部,还有公元前数个世纪留下的婆罗米语手稿里边的题字,也由阿索卡国王留下的闻名古印度语题字的柱子。大略地说,Kharosthi手稿运用着一起代的婆罗米语。随后(ca. 四世纪到公元八世纪)的Gupta手稿,源自婆罗米语,变得流行起来。从ca. 八世纪开端,Sharada手稿从Gupta开展起来,首要地从ca.十二世纪开端顺次被梵语所替代, 连同着中心状态的Siddham手稿。孟加拉语和其他手稿也运用它们各自的宗教。
In the south where Dravidian languages predominate, scripts used include Grantha in Tamil speaking regions, Telugu in Telugu and Tamil speaking regions, Kannada, and Malayalam. Grantha, though modeled on the Tamil script, was used exclusively for Sanskrit and is rarely seen today. A recent development has been to use Tamil characters with numeric subscripts indicating voicing and aspiration.
在德拉威语占优势的南边,手稿的运用包含叙述泰米尔语的宗教的锡克教《圣典》,印度东部的泰卢固语和运用泰米尔语的宗教,埃纳德语和印度西南部德拉威语的一种方言以及锡克教《圣典》,虽然它们是仿照泰米尔手稿,却专有地运用梵语,在今日很少看到。近期现已开展成运用泰米尔字母,连带有写在下放的数字,标志着表达和愿望。

梵语简介
梵语
梵文的言语特征
学习书本:梵语教程

印度言语:梵语:http://www.021lunwen.com/Article/fanwen/200911/14962.html
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